Язык R и его применение в биоинформатике

# Язык R и его применение в биоинформатике
### Анастасия Жарикова
### 10.09.2021

---

Как дела с домашним заданием?

Получилось разобраться с RStudio?

Умеем сохранять файлы типа script.R?

Разобрались с markdown?

Сложный ли квиз?

---

count: false
 
# Пример
Создайте вектор х, содержащий цифры от 1 до 5 включительно.

Возведите элементы вектора х в квадрат.

Посчитайте сумму элементов получившегося вектора.
.panel1-vec-user[

]
 
.panel2-vec-user[

]

---
count: false
 
# Пример
Создайте вектор х, содержащий цифры от 1 до 5 включительно.

Возведите элементы вектора х в квадрат.

Посчитайте сумму элементов получившегося вектора.
.panel1-vec-user[

```r
*x <- 1:5
*x 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-user[

```
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Пример
Создайте вектор х, содержащий цифры от 1 до 5 включительно.

Возведите элементы вектора х в квадрат.

Посчитайте сумму элементов получившегося вектора.
.panel1-vec-user[

```r
x <- 1:5
x

*x^2
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-user[

```
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
```

```
[1]  1  4  9 16 25
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Пример
Создайте вектор х, содержащий цифры от 1 до 5 включительно.

Возведите элементы вектора х в квадрат.

Посчитайте сумму элементов получившегося вектора.
.panel1-vec-user[

```r
x <- 1:5
x

x^2
*sum(x^2)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-user[

```
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
```

```
[1]  1  4  9 16 25
```

```
[1] 55
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Пример
Создайте вектор х, содержащий цифры от 1 до 5 включительно.

Возведите элементы вектора х в квадрат.

Посчитайте сумму элементов получившегося вектора.
.panel1-vec-user[

```r
x <- 1:5
x

x^2
sum(x^2)

*y=x^2
*sum(y)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec-user[

```
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
```

```
[1]  1  4  9 16 25
```

```
[1] 55
```

```
[1] 55
```
]

Не забывайте результат ваших манипуляций положить в переменную, если это нужно!

---

```r
*mtcars[1:3,1:3]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec2-user[

```
               mpg cyl disp
Mazda RX4     21.0   6  160
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6  160
Datsun 710    22.8   4  108
```
]

---
count: false
 
# which
.panel1-vec2-user[

```r
mtcars[1:3,1:3]
*which(mtcars$mpg == 21)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec2-user[

```
               mpg cyl disp
Mazda RX4     21.0   6  160
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6  160
Datsun 710    22.8   4  108
```

```
[1] 1 2
```
]

---
count: false
 
# which
.panel1-vec2-user[

```r
mtcars[1:3,1:3]
which(mtcars$mpg == 21)
*which(colnames(mtcars) == 'disp')
```
]
 
.panel2-vec2-user[

```
               mpg cyl disp
Mazda RX4     21.0   6  160
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6  160
Datsun 710    22.8   4  108
```

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] 3
```
]

---
count: false
 
# which
.panel1-vec2-user[

```r
mtcars[1:3,1:3]
which(mtcars$mpg == 21)
which(colnames(mtcars) == 'disp')
*which.min(mtcars$qsec)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec2-user[

```
               mpg cyl disp
Mazda RX4     21.0   6  160
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6  160
Datsun 710    22.8   4  108
```

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 29
```
]

---
count: false
 
# which
.panel1-vec2-user[

```r
mtcars[1:3,1:3]
which(mtcars$mpg == 21)
which(colnames(mtcars) == 'disp')
which.min(mtcars$qsec)
*which.max(mtcars$qsec)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec2-user[

```
               mpg cyl disp
Mazda RX4     21.0   6  160
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6  160
Datsun 710    22.8   4  108
```

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 29
```

```
[1] 9
```
]

---
count: false
 
# which
.panel1-vec2-user[

```r
mtcars[1:3,1:3]
which(mtcars$mpg == 21)
which(colnames(mtcars) == 'disp')
which.min(mtcars$qsec)
which.max(mtcars$qsec)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec2-user[

```
               mpg cyl disp
Mazda RX4     21.0   6  160
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6  160
Datsun 710    22.8   4  108
```

```
[1] 1 2
```

```
[1] 3
```

```
[1] 29
```

```
[1] 9
```
]

---

# Сортировка <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
mtcars[order(mtcars$qsec),]
```

```
                     mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Ford Pantera L      15.8   8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50  0  1    5    4
Maserati Bora       15.0   8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60  0  1    5    8
Camaro Z28          13.3   8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41  0  0    3    4
Ferrari Dino        19.7   6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50  0  1    5    6
Duster 360          14.3   8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
Mazda RX4           21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
Porsche 914-2       26.0   4 120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.70  0  1    5    2
Dodge Challenger    15.5   8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87  0  0    3    2
Lotus Europa        30.4   4  95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90  1  1    5    2
Mazda RX4 Wag       21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
Hornet Sportabout   18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
Pontiac Firebird    19.2   8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05  0  0    3    2
AMC Javelin         15.2   8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30  0  0    3    2
Merc 450SE          16.4   8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40  0  0    3    3
Chrysler Imperial   14.7   8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42  0  0    3    4
Merc 450SL          17.3   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60  0  0    3    3
Lincoln Continental 10.4   8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82  0  0    3    4
Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4   8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98  0  0    3    4
Merc 450SLC         15.2   8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00  0  0    3    3
Merc 280            19.2   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30  1  0    4    4
Honda Civic         30.4   4  75.7  52 4.93 1.615 18.52  1  1    4    2
Volvo 142E          21.4   4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60  1  1    4    2
Datsun 710          22.8   4 108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
Merc 280C           17.8   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90  1  0    4    4
Fiat X1-9           27.3   4  79.0  66 4.08 1.935 18.90  1  1    4    1
Hornet 4 Drive      21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
Fiat 128            32.4   4  78.7  66 4.08 2.200 19.47  1  1    4    1
Toyota Corolla      33.9   4  71.1  65 4.22 1.835 19.90  1  1    4    1
Merc 240D           24.4   4 146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00  1  0    4    2
Toyota Corona       21.5   4 120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01  1  0    3    1
Valiant             18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
Merc 230            22.8   4 140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90  1  0    4    2
```

---
# Округление <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
x <- c(1,3,5,9,2,3)
mean(x)
```

```
[1] 3.833333
```

```r
round(mean(x),3)
```

```
[1] 3.833
```

```r
round(mean(x),1)
```

```
[1] 3.8
```

Не нужно указывать много знаков после запятой, если это не несет глубокого смысла
---
# Работа с переменными <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
ls()
```

```
[1] "x" "y"
```

```r
rm(list=ls())
ls()
```

```
character(0)
```

---

# Сохранение данных <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
write.table(mtcars,file='mtnew.tab',quote=T,col.names = T,row.names=T,sep='\t')
write.csv(mtcars,file='mtnew.csv')
save(mtcars,file='mtnew.RData')
```

---
# Чтение данных <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
mt <- read.table('mtnew.tab',sep='\t',header=T)
head(mt)
```

```
                   mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Mazda RX4         21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
Datsun 710        22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
Valiant           18.1   6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
```
---
# Чтение данных <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
mt <- read.table('mtnew.tab',skip=2)
head(mt)
```

```
                 V1   V2 V3  V4  V5   V6    V7    V8 V9 V10 V11 V12
1     Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0  6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0   1   4   4
2        Datsun 710 22.8  4 108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1   1   4   1
3    Hornet 4 Drive 21.4  6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1   0   3   1
4 Hornet Sportabout 18.7  8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0   0   3   2
5           Valiant 18.1  6 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1   0   3   1
6        Duster 360 14.3  8 360 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0   0   3   4
```
---
# Чтение данных <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
mt <- read.table('mtnew.tab',skip=2, header=T)
head(mt)
```

```
      Mazda.RX4.Wag  X21 X6  X160 X110 X3.9 X2.875 X17.02 X0 X1 X4 X4.1
1        Datsun 710 22.8  4 108.0   93 3.85  2.320  18.61  1  1  4    1
2    Hornet 4 Drive 21.4  6 258.0  110 3.08  3.215  19.44  1  0  3    1
3 Hornet Sportabout 18.7  8 360.0  175 3.15  3.440  17.02  0  0  3    2
4           Valiant 18.1  6 225.0  105 2.76  3.460  20.22  1  0  3    1
5        Duster 360 14.3  8 360.0  245 3.21  3.570  15.84  0  0  3    4
6         Merc 240D 24.4  4 146.7   62 3.69  3.190  20.00  1  0  4    2
```

---

# RData <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
rm(list=ls())
ls()
```

```
character(0)
```

```r
load('mtnew.RData')
ls()
```

```
[1] "mtcars"
```

---

```r
*head(airquality)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec3-user[

```
  Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1    41     190  7.4   67     5   1
2    36     118  8.0   72     5   2
3    12     149 12.6   74     5   3
4    18     313 11.5   62     5   4
5    NA      NA 14.3   56     5   5
6    28      NA 14.9   66     5   6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Данные о качестве воздуха
.panel1-vec3-user[

```r
head(airquality)
*dim(airquality)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec3-user[

```
  Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1    41     190  7.4   67     5   1
2    36     118  8.0   72     5   2
3    12     149 12.6   74     5   3
4    18     313 11.5   62     5   4
5    NA      NA 14.3   56     5   5
6    28      NA 14.9   66     5   6
```

```
[1] 153   6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Данные о качестве воздуха
.panel1-vec3-user[

```r
head(airquality)
dim(airquality)
*mean(airquality$Ozone)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec3-user[

```
[1] 153   6
```

```
[1] NA
```
]

В чем проблема?
---
# Работа с отсутствующими данными <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

- NA - пропущенное значение: is.na()
- NaN - результат недопустимой арифметической операции: is.nan()
- NULL - отсутствие субъекта: is.null()
---

count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
Не учитывать отсутствующие данные
.panel1-vec4-user[

```r
*mean(airquality$Ozone, na.rm = T)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec4-user[

```
[1] 42.12931
```
]

---

count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
Удалить строки с отсутствующими данными

Удаляется ВСЯ строка!
.panel1-vec5-user[

```r
*dim(airquality)
*air <- na.omit(airquality)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec5-user[

```
[1] 153   6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
Удалить строки с отсутствующими данными

Удаляется ВСЯ строка!
.panel1-vec5-user[

```r
dim(airquality)
air <- na.omit(airquality)
*dim(air)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec5-user[

```
[1] 153   6
```

```
[1] 111   6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
Удалить строки с отсутствующими данными

Удаляется ВСЯ строка!
.panel1-vec5-user[

```r
dim(airquality)
air <- na.omit(airquality)
dim(air)
*mean(air$Ozone)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec5-user[

```
[1] 153   6
```

```
[1] 111   6
```

```
[1] 42.0991
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
Удалить строки с отсутствующими данными

Удаляется ВСЯ строка!
.panel1-vec5-user[

```r
dim(airquality)
air <- na.omit(airquality)
dim(air)
mean(air$Ozone)
*mean(airquality$Ozone, na.rm = T)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec5-user[

```
[1] 153   6
```

```
[1] 111   6
```

```
[1] 42.0991
```

```
[1] 42.12931
```
]

---

```r
*air <- head(airquality,10)
*is.na(air$Ozone)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec6-user[

```
 [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
.panel1-vec6-user[

```r
air <- head(airquality,10)
is.na(air$Ozone)
*sum(is.na(air$Ozone))
```
]
 
.panel2-vec6-user[

```
 [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
```

```
[1] 2
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
.panel1-vec6-user[

```r
air <- head(airquality,10)
is.na(air$Ozone)
sum(is.na(air$Ozone))
*which(is.na(air$Ozone))
```
]
 
.panel2-vec6-user[

```
 [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
```

```
[1] 2
```

```
[1]  5 10
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Работа с отсутствующими данными
.panel1-vec6-user[

```r
air <- head(airquality,10)
is.na(air$Ozone)
sum(is.na(air$Ozone))
which(is.na(air$Ozone))
*anyNA(air$Ozone)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec6-user[

```
 [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
```

```
[1] 2
```

```
[1]  5 10
```

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---

# NaN <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
0/0
```

```
[1] NaN
```

---

# Удаление столбцов <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
head(air,3)
```

```
  Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1    41     190  7.4   67     5   1
2    36     118  8.0   72     5   2
3    12     149 12.6   74     5   3
```

```r
air$Ozone = NULL
head(air,3)
```

```
  Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1     190  7.4   67     5   1
2     118  8.0   72     5   2
3     149 12.6   74     5   3
```
---

# Факторы

```r
df <- data.frame(a = c(5,4,8,5,7,2),
                 b = c('a','b','c','a','a','c'),
                 h = c(T,F,T,F,T,T),
                 g = c(1.5,2.5,3.7,6.9,4.2,4.6))
df
```

```
  a b     h   g
1 5 a  TRUE 1.5
2 4 b FALSE 2.5
3 8 c  TRUE 3.7
4 5 a FALSE 6.9
5 7 a  TRUE 4.2
6 2 c  TRUE 4.6
```

---

# Факторы

```r
str(df)
```

```
'data.frame':	6 obs. of  4 variables:
 $ a: num  5 4 8 5 7 2
 $ b: Factor w/ 3 levels "a","b","c": 1 2 3 1 1 3
 $ h: logi  TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
 $ g: num  1.5 2.5 3.7 6.9 4.2 4.6
```

```r
levels(df$b)
```

```
[1] "a" "b" "c"
```

В read.table() и в data.frame() есть опция *stringsAsFactors = F*

---

# Данные

- Числовые

-- Непрерывные (возраст, вес)

-- Дискретные (количество домашних животных)

- Категориальные

-- Порядковые (имеют иерархию: уровень настроения, оценки)

-- Номинальные (не имеют иерархии: цвет глаз, порода собак)

---

При всяческих манипуляциях проверяйте, что происходит с данными: <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:black;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

- head(), tail()
- dim()
- length()
- ncol(), nrow()
- colnames(), rownames()
- str()
- unique()
- ls()
- anyNA()

---

# Матрицы

- Внешне похожи на data.frame

- Вектор с атрибутом dim

- Все элементы одного типа

- Математические операции работают быстрее

---

```r
*m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
*m1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec7-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec7-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
*m2 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3,byrow=T)
*m2
```
]
 
.panel2-vec7-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec7-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m2 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3,byrow=T)
m2
*as.matrix(1:3)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec7-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
```

```
     [,1]
[1,]    1
[2,]    2
[3,]    3
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec7-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m2 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3,byrow=T)
m2
as.matrix(1:3)
*v <- 1:6
*dim(v)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec7-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
```

```
     [,1]
[1,]    1
[2,]    2
[3,]    3
```

```
NULL
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec7-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m2 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3,byrow=T)
m2
as.matrix(1:3)
v <- 1:6
dim(v)
*dim(v) = c(2,3)
*v 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec7-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
```

```
     [,1]
[1,]    1
[2,]    2
[3,]    3
```

```
NULL
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec7-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m2 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3,byrow=T)
m2
as.matrix(1:3)
v <- 1:6
dim(v)
dim(v) = c(2,3)
v
*is.matrix(v)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec7-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
```

```
     [,1]
[1,]    1
[2,]    2
[3,]    3
```

```
NULL
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
[1] TRUE
```
]

---

```r
*a <- c(1,2,3)
*b <- c(4,5,6)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec8-user[

]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec8-user[

```r
a <- c(1,2,3)
b <- c(4,5,6)
*rbind(a,b)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec8-user[

```
  [,1] [,2] [,3]
a    1    2    3
b    4    5    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec8-user[

```r
a <- c(1,2,3)
b <- c(4,5,6)
rbind(a,b)
*cbind(a,b)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec8-user[

```
  [,1] [,2] [,3]
a    1    2    3
b    4    5    6
```

```
     a b
[1,] 1 4
[2,] 2 5
[3,] 3 6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Способы создания матрицы
.panel1-vec8-user[

```r
a <- c(1,2,3)
b <- c(4,5,6)
rbind(a,b)
cbind(a,b)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec8-user[

```
  [,1] [,2] [,3]
a    1    2    3
b    4    5    6
```

```
     a b
[1,] 1 4
[2,] 2 5
[3,] 3 6
```
]

rbind() и cbind() работает и для data.frame

---

```r
*m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
*m1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec9-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Матрицы 
 Срезы
.panel1-vec9-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
*m1[2,3]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec9-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
[1] 6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Матрицы 
 Срезы
.panel1-vec9-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m1[2,3]
*m1[2,]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec9-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
[1] 6
```

```
[1] 2 4 6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Матрицы 
 Срезы
.panel1-vec9-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m1[2,3]
m1[2,]
*m1[,3]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec9-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
[1] 6
```

```
[1] 2 4 6
```

```
[1] 5 6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Матрицы 
 Срезы
.panel1-vec9-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m1[2,3]
m1[2,]
m1[,3]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec9-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
[1] 6
```

```
[1] 2 4 6
```

```
[1] 5 6
```
]

---

```r
*m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
*m1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec10-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Матрицы 
 Изменение значений
.panel1-vec10-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
*m1[2,3] = 9
```
]
 
.panel2-vec10-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Матрицы 
 Изменение значений
.panel1-vec10-user[

```r
m1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)
m1
m1[2,3] = 9
*m1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec10-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    9
```
]

---

```r
*m1 <- matrix(nrow=2, ncol=3)
*m1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec11-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]   NA   NA   NA
[2,]   NA   NA   NA
```
]

---

```r
*m1 <- matrix(1:6,nrow=2, ncol=3)
*m1
*rownames(m1) = c('r1','r2')
*colnames(m1) = c('c1','c2','c3')
*m1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec12-user[

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    3    5
[2,]    2    4    6
```

```
   c1 c2 c3
r1  1  3  5
r2  2  4  6
```
]

Имена строк и столбцов должны быть уникальными!

---

```r
*L <- list("A",c(1,2),30)
*L 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec13-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки 
 Можно хранить данные разного типа
.panel1-vec13-user[

```r
L <- list("A",c(1,2),30)
L
*print('L1')
*L1 <- list(L,40)
*L1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec13-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30
```

```
[1] "L1"
```

```
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[1] "A"

[[1]][[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[1]][[3]]
[1] 30

[[2]]
[1] 40
```
]

---

```r
*L[[4]] <- 'new_element'
*L 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec14-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30

[[4]]
[1] "new_element"
```
]

---

```r
*L 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec15-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30

[[4]]
[1] "new_element"
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки 
 Срезы
.panel1-vec15-user[

```r
L
*L[3]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec15-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30

[[4]]
[1] "new_element"
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 30
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки 
 Срезы
.panel1-vec15-user[

```r
L
L[3]
*L[[3]]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec15-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30

[[4]]
[1] "new_element"
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 30
```

```
[1] 30
```
]

---

```r
*mtcars$mpg
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
*dim(mtcars$mpg)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
*mtcars$mpg[3]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
*dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
*mtcars[3,]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```

```
            mpg cyl disp hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Datsun 710 22.8   4  108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
mtcars[3,]
*dim(mtcars[3,])
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```

```
            mpg cyl disp hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Datsun 710 22.8   4  108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
```

```
[1]  1 11
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
mtcars[3,]
dim(mtcars[3,])
*mtcars[3,][2]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```

```
            mpg cyl disp hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Datsun 710 22.8   4  108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
```

```
[1]  1 11
```

```
           cyl
Datsun 710   4
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
mtcars[3,]
dim(mtcars[3,])
mtcars[3,][2]
*dim(mtcars[3,][2])
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```

```
            mpg cyl disp hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Datsun 710 22.8   4  108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
```

```
[1]  1 11
```

```
           cyl
Datsun 710   4
```

```
[1] 1 1
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
mtcars[3,]
dim(mtcars[3,])
mtcars[3,][2]
dim(mtcars[3,][2])
*mtcars[3,][[2]]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```

```
            mpg cyl disp hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Datsun 710 22.8   4  108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
```

```
[1]  1 11
```

```
           cyl
Datsun 710   4
```

```
[1] 1 1
```

```
[1] 4
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Вложенность
.panel1-vec16-user[

```r
mtcars$mpg
dim(mtcars$mpg)
mtcars$mpg[3]
dim(mtcars$mpg[3])
mtcars[3,]
dim(mtcars[3,])
mtcars[3,][2]
dim(mtcars[3,][2])
mtcars[3,][[2]]
*dim(mtcars[3,][[2]])
```
]
 
.panel2-vec16-user[

```
 [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4
[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7
[31] 15.0 21.4
```

```
NULL
```

```
[1] 22.8
```

```
NULL
```

```
            mpg cyl disp hp drat   wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Datsun 710 22.8   4  108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61  1  1    4    1
```

```
[1]  1 11
```

```
           cyl
Datsun 710   4
```

```
[1] 1 1
```

```
[1] 4
```

```
NULL
```
]

---

```r
*L1
```
]
 
.panel2-vec17-user[

```
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[1] "A"

[[1]][[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[1]][[3]]
[1] 30

[[2]]
[1] 40
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec17-user[

```r
L1
*L1 [[1]]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec17-user[

```
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[1] "A"

[[1]][[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[1]][[3]]
[1] 30

[[2]]
[1] 40
```

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec17-user[

```r
L1
L1 [[1]]
*L1 [[1]] [[2]]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec17-user[

```
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[1] "A"

[[1]][[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[1]][[3]]
[1] 30

[[2]]
[1] 40
```

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30
```

```
[1] 1 2
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec17-user[

```r
L1
L1 [[1]]
L1 [[1]] [[2]]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec17-user[

```
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[1] "A"

[[1]][[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[1]][[3]]
[1] 30

[[2]]
[1] 40
```

```
[[1]]
[1] "A"

[[2]]
[1] 1 2

[[3]]
[1] 30
```

```
[1] 1 2
```
]

---

```r
*L <- list(10,20)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
*L 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
L
*L$abc <- 123
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
L
L$abc <- 123
*L 
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20

$abc
[1] 123
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
L
L$abc <- 123
L
*names(L)
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20

$abc
[1] 123
```

```
[1] ""    ""    "abc"
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
L
L$abc <- 123
L
names(L)
*L[[3]]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20

$abc
[1] 123
```

```
[1] ""    ""    "abc"
```

```
[1] 123
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
L
L$abc <- 123
L
names(L)
L[[3]]
*L$abc
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20

$abc
[1] 123
```

```
[1] ""    ""    "abc"
```

```
[1] 123
```

```
[1] 123
```
]

---
count: false
 
# Списки
.panel1-vec18-user[

```r
L <- list(10,20)
L
L$abc <- 123
L
names(L)
L[[3]]
L$abc
*L[['abc']]
```
]
 
.panel2-vec18-user[

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20
```

```
[[1]]
[1] 10

[[2]]
[1] 20

$abc
[1] 123
```

```
[1] ""    ""    "abc"
```

```
[1] 123
```

```
[1] 123
```
]

---

# Циклы

Циклы в R медленные!

---

# for

```r
for(year in c(2010:2015)){
  print(paste('The year is', year))
}
```

```
[1] "The year is 2010"
[1] "The year is 2011"
[1] "The year is 2012"
[1] "The year is 2013"
[1] "The year is 2014"
[1] "The year is 2015"
```

---

# for

```r
mt <- mtcars
head(mt,2)
```

```
              mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Mazda RX4      21   6  160 110  3.9 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
Mazda RX4 Wag  21   6  160 110  3.9 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
```

```r
for(i in 1:nrow(mt)){
  mt$new[i] <- i^2
}
head(mt,4)
```

```
                mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb new
Mazda RX4      21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4   1
Mazda RX4 Wag  21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4   4
Datsun 710     22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1   9
Hornet 4 Drive 21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1  16
```

---

# Деление <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg>

```r
5/2
```

```
[1] 2.5
```

```r
5%%2
```

```
[1] 1
```

---

# for + if

```r
mt <- mtcars
for(i in 1:nrow(mt)){
  if((i%%2) == 0){
    mt$new[i] = i^2
    mt$type[i] = 'even'
  }
  else{
    mt$new[i] = i^3
    mt$type[i] = 'odd'
  }
}
mt[1:4,(ncol(mt)-5):ncol(mt)]
```

```
               vs am gear carb new type
Mazda RX4       0  1    4    4   1  odd
Mazda RX4 Wag   0  1    4    4   4 even
Datsun 710      1  1    4    1  27  odd
Hornet 4 Drive  1  0    3    1  16 even
```

---

# ifelse

```r
v = c(14,7,6,9,2)
ifelse(v %% 2 == 1,"odd","even")
```

```
[1] "even" "odd"  "even" "odd"  "even"
```
---

# for + if + break

```r
x <- 1:5
for(val in x){
if (val == 3){
break
}
print(val)
}
```

```
[1] 1
[1] 2
```

---

# for + if + next

```r
x <- 1:5
for(val in x){
if (val == 3){
next
}
print(val)
}
```

```
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 4
[1] 5
```

---

# while

```r
i <- 1
while (i < 6){
  print(i)
  i = i+1
}
```

```
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5
```

---

# Случайная матрица

```r
set.seed(123)
mt <- matrix(sample(1:5,10000,replace=T),ncol=10)
dim(mt)
```

```
[1] 1000   10
```

```r
mt[1:5,1:5]
```

```
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    3    4    5    4    1
[2,]    3    4    4    1    2
[3,]    2    2    3    2    3
[4,]    2    4    1    4    5
[5,]    3    5    2    4    2
```

---

# Случайная матрица

```r
colnames(mt) <- paste("D",1:ncol(mt),sep='_')
rownames(mt) <- paste("Stud",1:nrow(mt),sep='.')
head(mt)
```

```
       D_1 D_2 D_3 D_4 D_5 D_6 D_7 D_8 D_9 D_10
Stud.1   3   4   5   4   1   1   5   1   5    1
Stud.2   3   4   4   1   2   3   5   1   3    3
Stud.3   2   2   3   2   3   3   5   5   1    3
Stud.4   2   4   1   4   5   2   3   5   5    2
Stud.5   3   5   2   4   2   3   5   1   3    1
Stud.6   5   4   5   5   1   1   5   3   3    4
```

---

# Создать вектор из средних по столбцам mt

## Давайте сначала создадим вектор нужной длины, заполним NA

```r
x <- rep(NA,ncol(mt))
length(x)
```

```
[1] 10
```

```r
x
```

```
 [1] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
```

---

# Создать вектор из средних по столбцам mt

## Теперь заполним созданный вектор средними

```r
for(i in 1:ncol(mt)){
  x[i] <- mean(mt[,i])
}
x
```

```
 [1] 2.985 2.987 2.966 2.954 2.974 3.003 2.960 2.938 2.989 2.962
```

---

# apply

```r
x.2 <- apply(mt,2,mean)
x
```

```
 [1] 2.985 2.987 2.966 2.954 2.974 3.003 2.960 2.938 2.989 2.962
```

```r
x.2
```

```
  D_1   D_2   D_3   D_4   D_5   D_6   D_7   D_8   D_9  D_10 
2.985 2.987 2.966 2.954 2.974 3.003 2.960 2.938 2.989 2.962 
```

```r
a <- apply(mt,1,sum)
a[1:6]
```

```
Stud.1 Stud.2 Stud.3 Stud.4 Stud.5 Stud.6 
    30     29     29     33     29     36 
```

---

# lapply

## Возвращает список

```r
x <- list(a=1,b=1:3,d=10:100)
lapply(x, FUN = length)
```

```
$a
[1] 1

$b
[1] 3

$d
[1] 91
```

---

# sapply

## Возвращает вектор (если не получается - список)

```r
x <- list(a=1,b=1:3,d=10:100)
sapply(x, FUN = length)
```

```
 a  b  d 
 1  3 91 
```