******************************************************************************** MEME - Motif discovery tool ******************************************************************************** MEME version 4.3.0 (Release date: Sat Sep 26 01:51:56 PDT 2009) For further information on how to interpret these results or to get a copy of the MEME software please access http://meme.nbcr.net. This file may be used as input to the MAST algorithm for searching sequence databases for matches to groups of motifs. MAST is available for interactive use and downloading at http://meme.nbcr.net. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** REFERENCE ******************************************************************************** If you use this program in your research, please cite: Timothy L. Bailey and Charles Elkan, "Fitting a mixture model by expectation maximization to discover motifs in biopolymers", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, pp. 28-36, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 1994. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** TRAINING SET ******************************************************************************** DATAFILE= upstream.fasta ALPHABET= ACGT Sequence name Weight Length Sequence name Weight Length ------------- ------ ------ ------------- ------ ------ NA39_gp1 1.0000 302 NA39_gp2 1.0000 100 NA39_gp3 1.0000 100 NA39_gp4 1.0000 100 NA39_gp5 1.0000 100 NA39_gp6 1.0000 100 NA39_gp7 1.0000 100 NA39_gp8 1.0000 100 NA39_gp9 1.0000 100 ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** COMMAND LINE SUMMARY ******************************************************************************** This information can also be useful in the event you wish to report a problem with the MEME software. command: meme upstream.fasta -oc result -dna -mod zoops -nmotifs 5 -minw 6 -maxw 50 -minsites 2 model: mod= zoops nmotifs= 5 evt= inf object function= E-value of product of p-values width: minw= 6 maxw= 50 minic= 0.00 width: wg= 11 ws= 1 endgaps= yes nsites: minsites= 2 maxsites= 9 wnsites= 0.8 theta: prob= 1 spmap= uni spfuzz= 0.5 global: substring= yes branching= no wbranch= no em: prior= dirichlet b= 0.01 maxiter= 50 distance= 1e-05 data: n= 1102 N= 9 strands: + sample: seed= 0 seqfrac= 1 Letter frequencies in dataset: A 0.286 C 0.214 G 0.196 T 0.304 Background letter frequencies (from dataset with add-one prior applied): A 0.286 C 0.214 G 0.196 T 0.304 ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** MOTIF 1 width = 10 sites = 9 llr = 89 E-value = 1.0e-006 ******************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simplified A 2288a2:a9: pos.-specific C 812::8:::9 probability G :1:2::a::1 matrix T :6::::::1: bits 2.3 * 2.1 * 1.9 * ** 1.6 * ** * Relative 1.4 * ****** Entropy 1.2 * ******** (14.2 bits) 0.9 * ******** 0.7 * ******** 0.5 * ******** 0.2 ********** 0.0 ---------- Multilevel CTAAACGAAC consensus AACG A sequence -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 sites sorted by position p-value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sequence name Start P-value Site ------------- ----- --------- ---------- NA39_gp6 47 1.12e-06 GTAGTGTAAT CTAAACGAAC GTTTAGTTAT NA39_gp5 64 1.12e-06 TGAAAGGAGT CTAAACGAAC TTACGTTTGG NA39_gp2 90 1.12e-06 AATTGTTAAT CTAAACGAAC C NA39_gp1 68 1.12e-06 GTTAGACTCT CTAAACGAAC TTTAAAACTG NA39_gp9 73 8.26e-06 TAAAATTAAA ATAAACGAAC TATTCTCTCA NA39_gp4 62 1.41e-05 TTTTGACGAG CCAGACGAAC CTATTAAATA NA39_gp8 90 4.14e-05 TAACGTGCAA AACAACGAAC T NA39_gp7 59 1.21e-04 ATCTGAAGAT CAAGAAGATC TGCTAGTTGT NA39_gp3 33 1.34e-04 AATCGTAGCC CGCAAAGAAG GGCTTTACGA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 block diagrams -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEQUENCE NAME POSITION P-VALUE MOTIF DIAGRAM ------------- ---------------- ------------- NA39_gp6 1.1e-06 46_[1]_44 NA39_gp5 1.1e-06 63_[1]_27 NA39_gp2 1.1e-06 89_[1]_1 NA39_gp1 1.1e-06 67_[1]_225 NA39_gp9 8.3e-06 72_[1]_18 NA39_gp4 1.4e-05 61_[1]_29 NA39_gp8 4.1e-05 89_[1]_1 NA39_gp7 0.00012 58_[1]_32 NA39_gp3 0.00013 32_[1]_58 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 in BLOCKS format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BL MOTIF 1 width=10 seqs=9 NA39_gp6 ( 47) CTAAACGAAC 1 NA39_gp5 ( 64) CTAAACGAAC 1 NA39_gp2 ( 90) CTAAACGAAC 1 NA39_gp1 ( 68) CTAAACGAAC 1 NA39_gp9 ( 73) ATAAACGAAC 1 NA39_gp4 ( 62) CCAGACGAAC 1 NA39_gp8 ( 90) AACAACGAAC 1 NA39_gp7 ( 59) CAAGAAGATC 1 NA39_gp3 ( 33) CGCAAAGAAG 1 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 position-specific scoring matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- log-odds matrix: alength= 4 w= 10 n= 1021 bayes= 6.94851 E= 1.0e-006 -36 186 -982 -982 -36 -95 -82 87 144 5 -982 -982 144 -982 18 -982 181 -982 -982 -982 -36 186 -982 -982 -982 -982 235 -982 181 -982 -982 -982 164 -982 -982 -145 -982 205 -82 -982 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 position-specific probability matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- letter-probability matrix: alength= 4 w= 10 nsites= 9 E= 1.0e-006 0.222222 0.777778 0.000000 0.000000 0.222222 0.111111 0.111111 0.555556 0.777778 0.222222 0.000000 0.000000 0.777778 0.000000 0.222222 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.222222 0.777778 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.888889 0.000000 0.000000 0.111111 0.000000 0.888889 0.111111 0.000000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 1 regular expression -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [CA][TA][AC][AG]A[CA]GAAC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time 0.62 secs. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** MOTIF 2 width = 11 sites = 6 llr = 61 E-value = 1.6e+002 ******************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simplified A 2:::3a:23:a pos.-specific C ::::3::8::: probability G 8:35::::58: matrix T :a753:a:22: bits 2.3 2.1 1.9 * * 1.6 ** ** ** Relative 1.4 ** *** ** Entropy 1.2 ** *** ** (14.7 bits) 0.9 **** *** ** 0.7 **** ****** 0.5 **** ****** 0.2 *********** 0.0 ----------- Multilevel GTTGAATCGGA consensus GTC A sequence T -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 sites sorted by position p-value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sequence name Start P-value Site ------------- ----- --------- ----------- NA39_gp9 36 4.67e-06 TATTGTTTGT GTTTAATCAGA TTAATTTTAC NA39_gp8 44 5.64e-06 CTGGCATTTA GTGTCATCAGA ACATGGAATA NA39_gp1 15 7.29e-06 GCTTCGGCTT GTTGCATAGGA CCGGAAAGGT NA39_gp6 19 8.61e-06 ACTACAACCT GTGGAATCTGA GCTCCTAGTA NA39_gp7 74 1.24e-05 AGATCTGCTA GTTGTATCGTA AGAGATCACG NA39_gp3 62 1.85e-05 AGTGTGTGAT ATTTTATCGGA CTTACGCCGT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 block diagrams -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEQUENCE NAME POSITION P-VALUE MOTIF DIAGRAM ------------- ---------------- ------------- NA39_gp9 4.7e-06 35_[2]_54 NA39_gp8 5.6e-06 43_[2]_46 NA39_gp1 7.3e-06 14_[2]_277 NA39_gp6 8.6e-06 18_[2]_71 NA39_gp7 1.2e-05 73_[2]_16 NA39_gp3 1.8e-05 61_[2]_28 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 in BLOCKS format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BL MOTIF 2 width=11 seqs=6 NA39_gp9 ( 36) GTTTAATCAGA 1 NA39_gp8 ( 44) GTGTCATCAGA 1 NA39_gp1 ( 15) GTTGCATAGGA 1 NA39_gp6 ( 19) GTGGAATCTGA 1 NA39_gp7 ( 74) GTTGTATCGTA 1 NA39_gp3 ( 62) ATTTTATCGGA 1 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 position-specific scoring matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- log-odds matrix: alength= 4 w= 11 n= 1012 bayes= 7.04612 E= 1.6e+002 -78 -923 208 -923 -923 -923 -923 172 -923 -923 76 113 -923 -923 135 72 22 64 -923 13 181 -923 -923 -923 -923 -923 -923 172 -78 196 -923 -923 22 -923 135 -86 -923 -923 208 -86 181 -923 -923 -923 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 position-specific probability matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- letter-probability matrix: alength= 4 w= 11 nsites= 6 E= 1.6e+002 0.166667 0.000000 0.833333 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.333333 0.666667 0.000000 0.000000 0.500000 0.500000 0.333333 0.333333 0.000000 0.333333 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.166667 0.833333 0.000000 0.000000 0.333333 0.000000 0.500000 0.166667 0.000000 0.000000 0.833333 0.166667 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 2 regular expression -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GT[TG][GT][ACT]ATC[GA]GA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time 1.12 secs. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** MOTIF 3 width = 13 sites = 4 llr = 51 E-value = 4.8e+002 ******************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simplified A :::::3533:::3 pos.-specific C ::8a8:::5:a:8 probability G a:3:3333:a::: matrix T :a:::5353::a: bits 2.3 * * 2.1 * * ** 1.9 * * ** 1.6 ** * *** Relative 1.4 ***** **** Entropy 1.2 ***** **** (18.5 bits) 0.9 ***** **** 0.7 ***** **** 0.5 ************* 0.2 ************* 0.0 ------------- Multilevel GTCCCTATCGCTC consensus G GAGAA A sequence GTGT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 sites sorted by position p-value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sequence name Start P-value Site ------------- ----- --------- ------------- NA39_gp6 80 2.00e-07 ACTTTTATTC GTCCCGATAGCTC TTGTAGCC NA39_gp1 205 2.36e-07 CTACGGTTTC GTCCGTGTCGCTC ACAATTATCC NA39_gp5 14 1.12e-06 TATTTATGAG GTCCCTTGCGCTA CTATTGATGT NA39_gp7 32 2.44e-06 AAACCACCGA GTGCCAAATGCTC GCGCATCTGA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 block diagrams -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEQUENCE NAME POSITION P-VALUE MOTIF DIAGRAM ------------- ---------------- ------------- NA39_gp6 2e-07 79_[3]_8 NA39_gp1 2.4e-07 204_[3]_85 NA39_gp5 1.1e-06 13_[3]_74 NA39_gp7 2.4e-06 31_[3]_56 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 in BLOCKS format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BL MOTIF 3 width=13 seqs=4 NA39_gp6 ( 80) GTCCCGATAGCTC 1 NA39_gp1 ( 205) GTCCGTGTCGCTC 1 NA39_gp5 ( 14) GTCCCTTGCGCTA 1 NA39_gp7 ( 32) GTGCCAAATGCTC 1 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 position-specific scoring matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- log-odds matrix: alength= 4 w= 13 n= 994 bayes= 8.69058 E= 4.8e+002 -865 -865 235 -865 -865 -865 -865 172 -865 180 35 -865 -865 222 -865 -865 -865 180 35 -865 -19 -865 35 72 81 -865 35 -28 -19 -865 35 72 -19 122 -865 -28 -865 -865 235 -865 -865 222 -865 -865 -865 -865 -865 172 -19 180 -865 -865 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 position-specific probability matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- letter-probability matrix: alength= 4 w= 13 nsites= 4 E= 4.8e+002 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.750000 0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.750000 0.250000 0.000000 0.250000 0.000000 0.250000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.250000 0.250000 0.250000 0.000000 0.250000 0.500000 0.250000 0.500000 0.000000 0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.250000 0.750000 0.000000 0.000000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 3 regular expression -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GT[CG]C[CG][TAG][AGT][TAG][CAT]GCT[CA] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time 1.53 secs. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** MOTIF 4 width = 6 sites = 6 llr = 43 E-value = 5.3e+002 ******************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simplified A a8a::5 pos.-specific C :::::: probability G :2:aa: matrix T :::::5 bits 2.3 ** 2.1 ** 1.9 * *** 1.6 * *** Relative 1.4 * *** Entropy 1.2 ***** (10.3 bits) 0.9 ***** 0.7 ****** 0.5 ****** 0.2 ****** 0.0 ------ Multilevel AAAGGA consensus T sequence -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 sites sorted by position p-value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sequence name Start P-value Site ------------- ----- --------- ------ NA39_gp5 56 2.57e-04 AGGTCACTTG AAAGGA GTCTAAACGA NA39_gp2 20 2.57e-04 TCTCGTTGAA AAAGGA AGACTCCTTA NA39_gp4 17 5.30e-04 CAGTTGCTTT AAAGGT CTATGTGCTT NA39_gp3 84 5.30e-04 TTACGCCGTT AAAGGT TACGGAACAA NA39_gp1 30 5.30e-04 ATAGGACCGG AAAGGT ACTATCTACC NA39_gp8 64 7.06e-04 AACATGGAAT AGAGGA TTTACCTGTA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 block diagrams -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEQUENCE NAME POSITION P-VALUE MOTIF DIAGRAM ------------- ---------------- ------------- NA39_gp5 0.00026 55_[4]_39 NA39_gp2 0.00026 19_[4]_75 NA39_gp4 0.00053 16_[4]_78 NA39_gp3 0.00053 83_[4]_11 NA39_gp1 0.00053 29_[4]_267 NA39_gp8 0.00071 63_[4]_31 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 in BLOCKS format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BL MOTIF 4 width=6 seqs=6 NA39_gp5 ( 56) AAAGGA 1 NA39_gp2 ( 20) AAAGGA 1 NA39_gp4 ( 17) AAAGGT 1 NA39_gp3 ( 84) AAAGGT 1 NA39_gp1 ( 30) AAAGGT 1 NA39_gp8 ( 64) AGAGGA 1 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 position-specific scoring matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- log-odds matrix: alength= 4 w= 6 n= 1057 bayes= 7.10935 E= 5.3e+002 181 -923 -923 -923 154 -923 -23 -923 181 -923 -923 -923 -923 -923 235 -923 -923 -923 235 -923 81 -923 -923 72 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 position-specific probability matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- letter-probability matrix: alength= 4 w= 6 nsites= 6 E= 5.3e+002 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.833333 0.000000 0.166667 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000 0.500000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 4 regular expression -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AAAGG[AT] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time 1.89 secs. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** MOTIF 5 width = 13 sites = 4 llr = 51 E-value = 9.2e+002 ******************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simplified A :::::::::5:3: pos.-specific C :8:::::33:8:a probability G a3:3::a55:33: matrix T ::a8aa:335:5: bits 2.3 * * 2.1 * * * 1.9 * * * 1.6 * * *** * Relative 1.4 *** *** * * Entropy 1.2 ******* * * (18.5 bits) 0.9 ******* * * 0.7 *********** * 0.5 ************* 0.2 ************* 0.0 ------------- Multilevel GCTTTTGGGACTC consensus G G CCTGA sequence TT G -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 sites sorted by position p-value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sequence name Start P-value Site ------------- ----- --------- ------------- NA39_gp2 1 2.01e-07 . GGTTTTGGGTCTC GTTGAAAAAG NA39_gp4 39 3.68e-07 GCTTGTAAGC GCTGTTGCGACTC TTTTGACGAG NA39_gp1 175 1.56e-06 TCCTTGTCTA GCTTTTGGTTGGC AGTGAGCCTA NA39_gp5 83 1.66e-06 CTTACGTTTG GCTTTTGTCACAC GTTAA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 block diagrams -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEQUENCE NAME POSITION P-VALUE MOTIF DIAGRAM ------------- ---------------- ------------- NA39_gp2 2e-07 [5]_87 NA39_gp4 3.7e-07 38_[5]_49 NA39_gp1 1.6e-06 174_[5]_115 NA39_gp5 1.7e-06 82_[5]_5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 in BLOCKS format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BL MOTIF 5 width=13 seqs=4 NA39_gp2 ( 1) GGTTTTGGGTCTC 1 NA39_gp4 ( 39) GCTGTTGCGACTC 1 NA39_gp1 ( 175) GCTTTTGGTTGGC 1 NA39_gp5 ( 83) GCTTTTGTCACAC 1 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 position-specific scoring matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- log-odds matrix: alength= 4 w= 13 n= 994 bayes= 7.95128 E= 9.2e+002 -865 -865 235 -865 -865 180 35 -865 -865 -865 -865 172 -865 -865 35 130 -865 -865 -865 172 -865 -865 -865 172 -865 -865 235 -865 -865 22 135 -28 -865 22 135 -28 81 -865 -865 72 -865 180 35 -865 -19 -865 35 72 -865 222 -865 -865 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 position-specific probability matrix -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- letter-probability matrix: alength= 4 w= 13 nsites= 4 E= 9.2e+002 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.750000 0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.250000 0.750000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.250000 0.500000 0.250000 0.000000 0.250000 0.500000 0.250000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000 0.500000 0.000000 0.750000 0.250000 0.000000 0.250000 0.000000 0.250000 0.500000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motif 5 regular expression -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- G[CG]T[TG]TTG[GCT][GCT][AT][CG][TAG]C -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time 2.20 secs. ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** SUMMARY OF MOTIFS ******************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Combined block diagrams: non-overlapping sites with p-value < 0.0001 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEQUENCE NAME COMBINED P-VALUE MOTIF DIAGRAM ------------- ---------------- ------------- NA39_gp1 1.84e-10 14_[2(7.29e-06)]_42_[1(1.12e-06)]_97_[5(1.56e-06)]_17_[3(2.36e-07)]_85 NA39_gp2 3.00e-07 [5(2.01e-07)]_76_[1(1.12e-06)]_1 NA39_gp3 7.85e-04 61_[2(1.85e-05)]_28 NA39_gp4 4.18e-06 38_[5(3.68e-07)]_10_[1(1.41e-05)]_29 NA39_gp5 1.27e-09 13_[3(1.12e-06)]_37_[1(1.12e-06)]_9_[5(1.66e-06)]_5 NA39_gp6 9.82e-09 18_[2(8.61e-06)]_17_[1(1.12e-06)]_23_[3(2.00e-07)]_8 NA39_gp7 1.25e-05 31_[3(2.44e-06)]_29_[2(1.24e-05)]_16 NA39_gp8 2.38e-04 43_[2(5.64e-06)]_35_[1(4.14e-05)]_1 NA39_gp9 1.93e-04 35_[2(4.67e-06)]_26_[1(8.26e-06)]_18 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** Stopped because nmotifs = 5 reached. ******************************************************************************** CPU: kodomo ********************************************************************************